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Jesselton Journal of Educators and Scholars

Abstract

Urban households increasingly face financial exposure associated with companion animal healthcare in market-based systems where costs are largely borne out of pocket. This study examines how household expenditure and insurance adoption shape financial risk in urban companion animal healthcare. Using survey data from 500 urban households, the analysis investigates expenditure patterns, predictors of pet insurance adoption, and spatial variation in healthcare spending across urban districts. Regression results show that household income, number of pets owned, educational attainment, and age are significantly associated with variation in annual healthcare expenditure. Logistic regression findings indicate that insurance adoption is driven more by socioeconomic resources and informational exposure than by immediate financial vulnerability. District-level analysis further reveals substantial intra-urban variation in healthcare expenditure, indicating uneven distribution of financial risk within metropolitan areas. Overall, the findings demonstrate that financial risk in companion animal healthcare is shaped by consumption intensity, risk management behaviour, and local market conditions, contributing empirical evidence to an underexplored area of household financial risk.

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